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A wide range of trigger factors, and usually a combination thereof, may help an electoral reform process get underway. First and foremost, the failure of an election to deliver acceptable results, often coupled with allegations related to misconduct and fraud, and potential conflict emanating from disputed elections frequently lead to the emergence of reform debates. The list of contested election results in Africa has grown longer and longer over the past years, including, among others, Kenya in 2007 and 2013, Zimbabwe in 2008, Cote d’Ivoire in 2010, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2011, Seychelles in 2011, Ghana in 2012, Mali in 2013, Guinea Bissau in 2014 and Mauritania in 2014 (International Institute for Democracy & Electoral Assistance, 2014)